I-American Gothic.Uyilo oluqhelekileyo Kukho uhlobo olwahlukileyo lobumnyama baseMelika, kwaye obunye bufunyenwe kukukhanya. Imitha yelanga eqaqambileyo ububi obumhlophe, ubuso obuncumileyo buyabufihla ubunzima bentlungu. Kwahlukile kubumnyama, i-Gothicism yaseYurophu. Ubumnyama baseMeditera yiCaravaggesque, izisele ezimnyama kunye negazi elishushu kunye nabafeli-nkolo ababheke esibhakabhakeni: I-Romantic Gothicism kaMateyu Lewis ' UMonki kunye noAnn Radcliffe UmTaliyane . Ubumnyama baseBritane bunxulunyaniswa nomsi wezixeko ezinamashishini, uConan Doyle noJack the Ripper. Ubumnyama baseScandinavia ngokufanayo buyinto yokoqobo, abufihlakele kude elangeni ziinqaba ezonakalisiweyo kunye nezibiyeli zemonki, kodwa ngenxa yokungabikho kwelanga elaneleyo, iintsuku zikhutshiwe, isibhakabhaka somqhaphu, iinyanga ngaphandle kokuqaqamba. Kodwa i-American Gothicism ibumnyama nangona ilanga. Kwaye kukhanya ngakumbi, kokukhona kuphazamisa.
Njengomfundi owenza isidanga kwiKholeji yaseColby, ndiyikhumbula ngokucacileyo ikhosi endayithatha kunye noProfesa Cedric Bryant, ebizwa ngokuba yiAmerican Gothic. Ujoliso lwalugxile kwinto edla ngokunxulunyaniswa neentsomi, ngakumbi iintsomi zaseGothic zasemazantsi. Inkwenkwezi yohlobo olo nguFlannery O'Connor, onebali elinomfanekiso, Indoda elungileyo ilukhuni ukuyifumana , ngaba ngumsebenzi wepowusta wesitayile, kodwa uboniswa ngokuthandekayo nguJoyce Carol Oates ( Uyaphi, ubuphi UWilliam Faulkner noDaniel Woodward. Imixholo yoyikeka, abalinganiswa nabo, ngaphakathi kwaye bahlala bephuma, bekhohlisa, bengazi, belungisa, bevangeli, bephukile. Kwaye inxenye yento eyaphulayo, inxenye yento eyenza iMelika ibe yenye yezona ndawo zoyikekayo emhlabeni, yindawo yokuqhushumba yomsindo ozelwe zizithembiso ezingazalisekiswanga, ilungelo lokuziphikisa linqatshelwe, kunye nokukhangela abanye ukuba babekek 'ityala.
Kodwa oku akupheleli kumazantsi aseMelika, okanye kuncwadi: Kumabonwakude, Umcuphi wokwenene ngumzekelo weSouthern Gothic, kunye Iphula kakubi kwinto esinokuthi yiSouthwestern Gothic. INgilane yayinecandelo layo lohlobo, ebekwe ikakhulu eProvidence, eRhode Island nakwilali yaseMassachusetts. Ubundlobongela baseMelika, izithethe eziyimfihlakalo zabantu bayo bomthonyama, i-puritanical mania yabahlali bayo bokuqala, izilingo zamagqwirha, zonke zondla amabali kaEdgar Allan Poe kunye noH. P. Lovecraft, esandula ukubonakaliswa kwifilimu kaRobert Eggers, Igqwirha . Kodwa into eyenzeka kwi-American Gothicism ikwangoku ikwimeko entle yobugcisa. Ngokukodwa, kwimifanekiso kaGrant Wood noEdward Hopper.
Eyona ndawo icace gca kwindawo yokuqala yokuma ngowona mfanekiso udumileyo kaGrant Wood, phakathi kwezona zibalulekileyo ehlabathini: I-American Gothic . Ibonisiwe ngoku kumdlalo weRoyal Academy eLondon, emva kokuvela okufutshane eParis. Imizobo ye-1930 yayingazange ishiye iMelika ngaphambili. Umboniso wayo wangoku ubizwa ngokuba yiMelika emva kokuwa: Imizobo ngeminyaka yee-1930. Kuxhomekeka kwisimo sakho sepolitiki, isihloko singathathelwa ingqalelo njengebalulekileyo kwimeko yangoku yemicimbi, kodwa eneneni ibhekisa ekuweni kwemarike yemasheya ngo-1929, kunye noxinzelelo olukhulu. Kulapho ukukhanya kwelanga lethemba kunye nethemba kunye nokubanakho okungenasiphelo kwephupha laseMelika, elibizwa ngokuba liXesha leNkqubela, lahlangabezana nenyani ebukhali.
Emva kokududuma, ukuqaqamba okubalekayo kwamashumi alithoba anethoba, ulwandiso olupheleleyo ukuya kude eCalifornia, ukwenziwa kweGo West, indlela yaMntu oMncinci, ukubethwa ngumoya kwezemali kunye neoyile kunye nomgaqo kaloliwe, konke kwabonakala kulahlekile. Kulapho ke imbewu yatyalwa khona, emva koko yaqwengulwa emhlabeni. Kulapho amaMelika afunde khona ukuba angenza nantoni na, nokuba angathanda ukuba ngubani, ukuba indoda ehlwempuzekileyo ikhule ikhule ibe ngumongameli, ukuba ngokusebenza nzima kunye nobukrelekrele unokuzikhupha nge-bootstraps yakho kwaye wenze into ngobomi bakho, nokuba wena unokufumana udumo kunye nobutyebi. Ukuba naloo mqondo wobulungisa, ukuzalwa kwaseMelika kwakuthetha ukuba ungomnye wabasikelelweyo abakhethiweyo, kwaye ke ngequbuliso uza kukhutshwa ngesiquphe ubizwe njengesithunzi.
Ubumnyama abuzange bushiye, busenathi namhlanje. Kwilizwe leSimahla kwaye bonwabile, kukho uluvo lokuba amaMelika aphezu kwehlabathi kwaye akhazimla, okanye angcwatywa phantsi kwawo kwaye afutha. Ayinguye wonke umntu okhumbulayo ukuba kufuneka babe ziingqondi kwaye basebenze nzima, ukuze bayenze. Abanye babenoluvo lokuba kufuneka banikwe izinto. Abanye baziva behlakaniphile, kwaye besebenza nzima, kodwa bekukho imikhosi esebenza ngokuchasene nabo. Amaphupha athenjiswe ngokungagungqiyo kwaye alawe enza abantu abanomsindo. Kodwa inkcubeko yaseMelika yenye yezinto ezicocekileyo, ezimenyezelayo nezithe nkqo. Yintoni eqhubekayo phantsi kwe-façade, ukuba iimaski ezimhlophe, ezimhlophe ziyabola amazinyo, ngomnye umbuzo. Kungoko ke umMelika, ukucaphula uHamlet, enokuthi ancume kwaye ancume kwaye abe ngumntu okhohlakeleyo.
Wood’s I-American Gothic, Ngokwesiqhelo kwiZiko lobuGcisa laseChicago, ngumzobo owenziwe ngobuchule wesibini esitshatileyo, amafama aseIowa. Abangabalimi bokwenyani-iimodeli yayingudade kaWood kunye nogqirha wakhe wamazinyo. Banxibe i19thIsinxibo senkulungwane. Isakhiwo esisemva kwabo senzelwe ukuba yindlu yabo yasefama, kodwa ijongeka njengecawa yasemaphandleni yohlobo olubonakaliswe komnye umzekelo omkhulu wokulima e-Iowa American Gothicism, ibali elifutshane elothusayo likaStephen King, Abantwana beMbona .
Isakhiwo sakhiwe kwinto ebizwa ngokuba sisimbo seGothic Carpenter. Igama elithi Gothic laqala ukwenziwa njengenkcazo ehlekisayo yoyilo lwecawa yamaxesha aphakathi yaseYurophu, enezinto ezinde ezomeleleyo, ezinamakholamu amancinci kunye neendonga, zigcwele iglasi enamabala, kwaye zinyuka zisiya esibhakabhakeni ukuya kudibana nophahla olukhuselweyo olukhumbula imisipha efundisiweyo, iphakheji eyilelwe uloyiko abaguqukayo baziva bethobekile endlwini kaThixo. Izinto zolu lwakhiwo zathathwa kwezinye iintshukumo, ezinje nge-Victorian okanye i-Carpenter Gothic -nkcukacha ngakumbi, ezinje ngeengqameko ezibonisa iifestile, umkhondo, iglasi enamachaphaza, kunye noluvo lokuzolula, ukunweba, ukugqwetha okubonakala kukuhle ezandleni uyilo olungileyo, kodwa inokuba mbi okanye yoyikeke ezandleni zodidi oluphakathi.
Ukufunda imbonakalo ebusweni besibini, kukho umbono wokungabinamntu ngokwasemsebenzini, ukunyanzelisa isithethe, ukuthembeka okuphezulu, kunye namandla obundlobongela-zonke izinto zaseMelika. Ikwaluhlobo lokuzukiswa kokusebenza nzima, ikhola eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka eMelika, ngelixa ukhanyisa ukukhanya kwiimpazamo zakhe. Lo mzobo ungenelwe kukhuphiswano lweZiko lobuGcisa laseChicago kwaye waphumelela ibhaso leedola ezingama-300, nangona abagwebi bayibiza ngokuba yicalentine ehlekisayo, eyenza ukungabikho kokusesikweni kubukhulu nobunzulu bomsebenzi.
Ngelixa ndincoma I-American Gothic Kakhulu, andiqwalaseli uWood ukuba abe ngumculi obalaseleyo- akukho namnye omnye wemisebenzi yakhe ondichaphazela ngayo. Ukuba kukho umzobi oeuvre ogqibeleleyo ongumzekelo wobumnyama baseMelika, kukwiifoto ezifakwe ukukhanya ngu-Edward Hopper. Kukho isizathu sokuba imizobo yakhe iphefumlele uAlfred Hitchcock (iBates Motel ukusuka Ingqondo isekwe kwiHopper's Indlu ngakwindlela kaloliwe ) kunye noDavid Lynch (ngubani inkosi yobumnyama baseCalifornia kwifilimu). Mhlawumbi akukho mzobo uphula intliziyo ukogqitha intliziyo I-automat . Kuyakhohlisa. Ibhinqa eliselula lihleli etafileni, ezinzulwini zobusuku, lincancisa ikofu.
Kodwa malunga nabani na ojonga lo mzobo ujongeka ufunda ibali elifanayo kuwo. Ufike eCalifornia ezele lithemba ngobomi obutsha, mhlawumbi ubalekile, mhlawumbi uyintombazana enethemba eStyx. Unempahla enye entle, kwaye incinci imali ayizisileyo naye iyaphela-yiyo ke loo nto ayenzileyo e-automat, eyona ndlela iphantsi yokutya, kwaye yedwa, kunye no-waiter okanye owamkela imali kwinkampani. Imizamo yakhe yokufumana umsebenzi kunye nobudlelane, ekufezekiseni amaphupha akhe, ayikagqitywa, kwaye unzulu ngengcinga, ezibuza ukuba yintoni enye anokuyenza. Uhleli yedwa, kude kube sebusuku, ukhetha le ndawo yokutya engenanto kuyo nayiphi na into ayilindeleyo ekhaya, kwaye ubusuku obumnyama ngaphandle kwefestile ngasemva kwezibuko zakhe zibonise iingcinga zakhe, nangona umzimba wakhe ukhanyiswe kakubi zizibane ezingezizo. Le yimizuzu yephupha laseMelika ngaphambi kokuba ichithakale.
I-Hopper iyinkosi yokufaka ukukhanya okukhanyayo kunye nobumnyama obungabonakaliyo. Zininzi izinto onokukhetha kuzo, kodwa jonga I sixhenxe A.M. Ijongeka ngathi ayinabungozi: indawo yokugcina izinto, xa ujonga kufutshane, sibona ilahliwe, inde ivaliwe, kodwa kukho izinto ezimbalwa ezishiyekileyo-iwotshi, irejista yemali, ezinye iibhotile ezifestileni. Ivenkile ethengisa izinto ezingekhoyo isixelela ezayo iindaba: Ithemba kwishishini elingaphumelelanga. Ngaphesheya nje kwivenkile esekoneni, imithi emnyama enethambo ikhokelela kwihlathi elishinyeneyo, endle njenge-Romanticism kaCaspar David Friedrich, ubuncinci bokwazi umntu ongabalulekanga kunye nokucekeceka, xa kuthelekiswa nendalo nexesha kunye neminqweno yethamsanqa.
Kodwa intlango yaseMelika inesidalwa esithile esingalawulekiyo kuyo, okanye ubuncinci iyenzile ngaphambi kweminyaka yobudala yolwazi. Umntu uphantse azive ngathi ihlathi liginye nabani na ophethe ivenkile, engena kuyo bade babaleke abantu. Oko kukhanya kwaseMelika yeyona nto yoyikekayo kuzo zonke, kuba ngubani owaziyo izinto eziza kwenziwa ngabantu baseMelika, ziya konakalisa, ukutyhala amaphupha abo okuzenza amalungisa? Konke ngelixa ugcina uncumo olumhlophe kunye ne-façade yobuhlobo, enokufihla amazinyo abukhali ngaphantsi.
Le yeyokugqibela kwi UbuGcisa boBukeleyo ' uthotho Iimfihlo kunye neMpawu Umbhali kunye nembali yezobugcisa uNowa Charney.
