Wafika eMelika nosapho lwakhe eneminyaka emi-4. Utata wakhe wangena kwishishini lekhaphethi kwaye waphumelela ngokwaneleyo phambi koxinzelelo ukuze athumele u-Elia kwiKholeji yaseWilliam, iziko labakhethekileyo, apho wayelusizi ngokubanzi. Kwakungamava okuqala okuba ngumntu wangaphandle; nanjengoko uMnu Schickel ebeka, swarthy, runty, big-nosed… lokonga ingqumbo entsha. Ukusuka kuWilliams, waya e-Yale Drama School, ikakhulu eyokuba kunye nomhlobo wasekholejini, uAlan Baxter. Wayengamthandi kakhulu uYale, efumanisa ukuba iiklasi zayo azinzulwanga kwaye zibuthuntu, kodwa wayethanda intombi kaBaxter. Igama lakhe lalinguMolly Day Thatcher, kwaye wayeza nomlibo obalaseleyo weWASP; Utat'omkhulu wakhe wayede waba ngumongameli waseYale. Wayechasene neKazan ngandlela zonke kwaye ke unqweneleka ngokupheleleyo. Baye baba ngabathandanayo, uBaxter othandekayo ngokungathandabuzekiyo ukubuyela umva. Umnumzana Schickel inokuba unika u-Kazan oqhutywa yile: Kuyenzeka ukuba ubuze igama ngalinye kula magama acatshulweyo ngaphandle kuka-Baxter.
UKazan ushiye uYale efuna ukuba ngumlawuli weemovie, ephenjelelwa ngabalawuli abakhulu baseRussia abaneminyaka yama-20 nama-30, kodwa waphelela eNew York neQela leQela elitsha. Umnumzana Schickel unyanisile xa esithi awunako ukubuqonda ubomi bukaKazan ngaphandle kokuqonda 'iphupha lenkanuko' eyayiliQela. I-Radical, i-communal, i-leftist, ngokungafaniyo ukuba inetalente engalinganiyo, yayinikezelwe ekuvuseleleni iholo yaseMelika, ukuyikhulula kubukhoboka bayo bezorhwebo. Ayizange iphumelele, kodwa yaqesha isitayile esitsha somdlalo kunye nomdlali omnye odlalayo, uClifford Odets, onetalente yakhe eyayifaniswa nokuzilimaza kwakhe. Ekuqaleni, Kazan wayesebenza njengomntu ophetheyo, elungisa iipropu, isilungisi sezinto ezingaphiliyo. Kukhokelele kwigama ebengalithandi, kodwa oko kwahlala kuye ubomi bakhe bonke: iGadget okanye iGadge.
Kodwa waqala ukudlala neqela, kwaye apha uMnumzana Schickel-kuba kubonakala ukuba akazange abone uKazan esenza ngaphandle kweendawo ezincinci ze-movie-akamniki imali eyaneleyo. Ndibe nethamsanqa lokumbona eqongeni, okokuqala njengomntu othanda umdlalo weConey Island obizwa ngokuba yiFascination! eIrwin Shaw ’ Abantu abaNene ; emva koko iyothusa kwaye yoyikeka njengesigelekeqe kumdlalo we-Odets Inkwenkwe egolide ; kwaye kwakhona kwii-Odets kwi Umculo Wasebusuku , njengomfana otyhafileyo ezama ukuhambisa inkawu komnye umntu onokulibala. Wayengenalo uluhlu olukhulu, kodwa wayenomdla: Awuzange uthathe amehlo akho kuye. Undixelele kwakanye, kwakudala emva kokuba eyekile ukwenza (ukubhengezwa: bendimbhalela umdlalo ngelo xesha), ukuba angathanda ukudlala uRichard III. Wayeyazi into awayenayo.
Okwangoku, wenza izinto ezimbini ezinokubumba ubomi bakhe ngoku: ukujoyina iQela lamaKomanisi kwaye uqalise ukuqondisa. Eyokuqala ayizange ihlale ixesha elide. Wayenezothe kumzamo ongqongqo weqela lokumxelela ukuba enze ntoni kwaye wayephulukana nokuthembela kumbutho njengombutho wokulungileyo; wayeka emva kweminyaka embalwa. Kodwa, ngokuka Mnu.Schickel, akazange ayilahle imfesane yabasebenzi okanye inkolelo yakhe kwimfuno yotshintsho olululo eMelika.
UKazan wayesoloko ezijonga njengohlobo oluthile lobusoshiyali. Intliziyo yakhe yayinamahlwempu nabahluthwa; Intloko yakhe yayingumxube weengcamango namabhongo. Wayefuna ukuya phambili, kwaye wenza njalo. Wayila i-Actors Studio kunye noMartin Ritt ukuze babambe italente yolutsha oluphuma emfazweni. Kodwa wamlahla uRitt xa uCheryl Crawford noBobby Lewis bevela kwiQela leMidlalo beza ebhodini kwaye bagqiba kwelokuba uRitt wayengenadumo ngokwaneleyo.
Walathisa ii-hits ku-Broadway, eqala ngo-Thornton Wilder Ulusu lwamazinyo ethu kwaye uqhubeke uye Umthengisi kwaye Isithuthi esitrato . Waya eHollywood wayalela Umthi Ukhula eBrooklyn (Ngo-1945), emva koko waphumelela imbasa yakhe yokuqala yeAkhademi Isivumelwano sikaGentleman (Ngo-1947).
Ukwalathisa kwakhe kwakufana nokwenza kwakhe, egcwele amandla kunye namandla. Abadlali bamthanda; wakhupha ezona zibalaseleyo kubo. Enye indlela yayikukulukuhla. Ngamadoda, kwakuyizingxoxo ezithandanayo; wakuqonda kwaye wakwazi ngaphandle komgwebo. Wayekhathalela, kwaye inkathalo yayikhona (okanye kwakubonakala ngathi) iyinyani. Kubafazi, ukuhendwa kwakuhlala kulala. Akukho namnye owakhalazayo. Ndimkhumbula njengeyona ndoda ihendayo endakha ndadibana nayo kwaye ndamthanda kakhulu. Undixelele kwakanye ukuba iipesenti ezingama-98 zentsebenzo yayikukuphosa, kwaye wayenesipho esikhethekileyo sokufumana umdlali weqonga ongahlukanga kangako okanye nokuba nako ukumbeka kuloo ndima apho wayenokusebenza ngokuqaqambileyo. Burl Ives ungene Ikati eluphahleni lweTin eshushu yayingumzekelo ophambili: Eyona nto wayenokuyidlala yayinguBad Daddy, kwaye wayenza kaninzi-ngakumbi kwiimovie ezahlukeneyo kunye nezinxibo ezahlukeneyo.
UMnu Schickel ulungile ekukhokeleni, ekuphakameni kukaKazan, ubuhlobo bakhe noArthur Miller, ubudlelwane bakhe noMarlon Brando. U-Brando wabona abalawuli bakhe njengamanani ootata azimisele ukubatshabalalisa. IKazan yayinguye yedwa. Ngamnye wenza owona msebenzi wakhe mhle nomnye, kuqala kwi Isithuthi esitrato ke ngoku Kwindawo engaphambi kwamanzi (Ngo-1954). UMiller wawa kunye noKazan emva kobungqina bokugqibela phambi kweKomiti yeNdlu kwi-Un-American Activities kodwa kamva wamcela ukuba aqondise umdlalo wakhe, Emva koKuwa . Kodwa into ibilahlekile ngelo xesha, nokuba kukudlala okanye kwicala, kwaye khange ibe yimpumelelo.
Umfazi kaKazan, uMolly wasweleka ngo-1963, waphinda watshata-umdlali weqonga ogama linguBarbara Loden, owayedlala indima yabasetyhini kumdlalo kaMiller. Kodwa naye wabulawa ngumhlaza, emva kokulwa iminyaka emibini. Kamva kamva, watshata noFrances Rudge, umfazi ongumNgesi onomtsalane owamngenisa kwintlanganiso yabo yokuqala esithi akazange eve ngaye; wayesonwabile emtshatweni wakhe ekufeni kwakhe.
Xa uKazan wenza iimuvi— Phila Zapata! (Ngo-1952), Ubuso kwisihlwele (Ngo-1957), Umlambo wasendle (1960), Melika Melika (Ngo-1963) -uye walandela izifundo zentlalo; yayihlala ikwayicala lesitalato efuna ukusebenza. Iifilimu ziyahluka ngokomgangatho, ukusuka kumandla we Kwindawo engaphambi kwamanzi kwabanobuchule Indoda kwiTightrope (Ngo-1953), wenziwa emva kobungqina bakhe be-HUAC ukubonisa ukunyaniseka kokuchasene nobuKomanisi. (Bekuhlala kukho intlawulo eyongezelelekileyo ekufuneka ihlawulwe.) Ekugqibeleni, amandla akhe abonisa: Ifilimu yokugqibela yayilulungelelwaniso olungenamdla ku-F. Scott Fitzgerald's ITycoon yokugqibela (1976) kunye no-Robert De Niro okhohlakeleyo.
Incwadana yakhe yokuqala, Amalungiselelo (Ngo-1967), kunye nezinto ezinamandla ngokuphila kwabantu, waba ngumthengisi othengisa kakhulu. Kwiminyaka emibini kamva, wayenza yaba ngumdlalo bhanyabhanya ohluphekileyo awathi kamva wazisola ngawo. Emva koko kweza iinoveli ezimbalwa, emva koko wabhala i-biografi yakhe, Ubomi (1988). Akufanelekanga kuRichard Schickel ukuba uza emva koku. Yinto enzima ukuyilandela: ubuqaqawuli, ukungabi nazintloni, ukugxeka ngaye, unomdla wokukhokela, umntu ohlekisayo kwihlabathi. Kunye neyona bhanyabhanya yakhe ibalaseleyo, imi njengesikhumbuzo sakhe. Usweleke ngoSeptemba ka-2003, eneminyaka engama-94.
UMnu Schickel ubiza incwadi yakhe nge-biology ebalulekileyo. Ulixelela ibali kakuhle kwaye uyathetha, angaze athandabuze ukunika ezakhe izimvo, nokuba zezobugcisa okanye ezopolitiko. Umkhethe wakhe ucacile: UngumKomanisi okhululekileyo okhathaleleyo isifundo sakhe, kwaye nangona ezazi iziphene zikaKazan, uzimisele ngokubanzi ukumnika isibonelelo sokuthandabuza. Ukungcatshwa komfazi wakhe wokuqala kuyangcoliswa; I-serial philandering ibonakala ibangelwa ikakhulu kukuzonwabisa ngokwesondo kunye nencasa yee-blondes. Ukwabelana kukaMarilyn Monroe phakathi kukaKazan noArthur Miller kubonwa njengomsebenzi oqhelekileyo phakathi kwamadoda neenkwenkwezi ngaloo mihla, hayi njengokuxhaphaza. Ubungqina be-HUAC buka-Kazan, xa wanika amagama abantu awayekade ekwiqela lamaKomanisi, ugwetywa enoxanduva kwaye engenatyala.
Xa kuziwa kwezopolitiko, incwadi kaMnu Schickel incinci kwibhayiloji kwaye ingaphezulu kwesishwankathelo segqwetha. Uqala ngesandulela esinamaphepha ali-19 esijongana ne-Lifetime Achievement Award ka-1999 eyanikwa iKazan yiAkhademi yoBugcisa beMifanekiso yoBugcisa neeSayensi — ngokungathi loo mahluko wawuchaza ubomi bukaKazan. Kwakukho uqhankqalazo kunye neepikethi ezazijikeleze itheyetha ngobusuku obunikezelwe ibhaso. Uninzi lwabaphulaphuli aluvumanga ukuma kulo mboniso. Kwakukho uvakalelo-endabelana ngalo-ukuba inxalenye yokuphumelela kwexesha lokuphila kukaKazan yayikukusebenzisana kwakhe ne-HUAC, ikomiti ye-bigots, ubuhlanga kunye ne-anti-Semites umsebenzi wabo uhlala usisithintelo sokungavisisani. UKazan wabiza abantu abaziyo ukuba babemsulwa kulo naliphi na ityala. Wazinika negama lakhe. Ikomiti yayingenamdla wokwenene kwamanye amagama-sele benawo onke. Bafuna igama likaKazan, bafuna ukubonisa ukuba le ndoda ibalulekileyo ibikunye nabo, kuvunyelwene nabo, ikwicala labo. Wabanika igama lakhe, yiyo loo nto kwabakho uqhankqalazo. Wenzakalise amanye amagcisa, kodwa wazingcolisa, kwaye nebala lahlala.
Ngokuka Mnu.Schickel, uqhankqalazo lwaphakanyiswa ngabantu abasele bekhulile be-Stalinism, ngoogxa babo abancinci abavela e-New Left nangabantu abaneentliziyo ezintle, abathanda inkululeko, ababonisa ukungaziqondi iimfazwe zecawa yasekhohlo ezazikho kudala babumba ipolitiki yorhwebo lwabo. Kodwa ukubiza amagama kwakungumcimbi wokuziphatha ngaphezulu kwezopolitiko, kwaye iimfazwe zangaphambili zecawa lasekhohlo zazingenanto yakwenza nento eyenzekayo.
Umnumzana Schickel uyazithanda kakhulu ngamaKomanisi. Kuye, iMfazwe ebandayo isenathi. Nangona ngesiqhelo eyindoda enyamezelayo, iigloves ziyacinywa xa kufikwa kwiRed. UJohn Howard Lawson, ongomnye wabase-Hollywood abali-10 abaya entolongweni, amaqweqwe ... amaqunube phambi kolawulo lweQela… ubhala imifanekiso eyoyikisayo. Umnumzana Schickel ukrokrela ngaphandle kobungqina bokuba u-Jules Dassin, umlawuli ongacacanga ohlala e-Greece, mhlawumbi wazitshabalalisa izicwangciso zika-Kazan zokudubula i-movie apho. Uhlala evakala ngathi uhlasela uKazan ukhusela uStalin. Uyamthanda uKazan-yenye yeempawu ezinomtsalane zencwadi yakhe- kodwa inzondelelo yakhe ihlala ijika i-biografi yakhe ibe ngumsebenzi wokuhlangula.
U-Elia Kazan akanasidingo sokuhlangulwa. Wayeyile nto wayeyiyo: umntu ontsonkothileyo enomzimba omangalisayo womsebenzi owakha wenza esidlangalaleni into ebekungafanelekanga ukuba uyenzile. Izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho ezimbi kakhulu zenziwe. Akazange abulale abantwana okanye angcungcuthekise nabani na. Yonke into awayenzayo yayikukukhupha abantu abambalwa angabathandiyo. Mhlawumbi esinye sezizathu zokuba enze into ayenzileyo kungokuba wayefuna ngamandla ukuba ngumMelika. Ngaloo nto, waphumelela ngaphezu kokuba eyazi kwaye wazimisela kumgama omde wokuphumeza amaMelika: uyathandeka, unetalente, ukrelekrele, uyalahlekisa kwaye utyekele ekungcatshweni.
UWalter Bernstein, umbhali wesikrini, ngumbhali we Ngaphakathi ngaphandle: Isimemo soLuhlu oluMnyama (Ukususela ekuqaleni).
