UMorgan: Umxhasi wezezimali waseMelika, nguJean Strouse. Random House, amaphepha angama-796, iidola ezingama-34.95.
Njengokuba ulwazi lwexesha lobudala luthatha ubutyebi baseMelika kwisikali esingazange sibonwe ukusukela oko uJ. Pierpont Morgan wangena kwinqanaba lebhanki lehlabathi, ubomi babaseki bezimali bethu baqhubeka nohlengahlengiso oluyimfuneko. I-Titan yonyaka ophelileyo, ubomi bukaRon Chernow bukaJohn D. Rockefeller, wabonisa ukuba isaga esikhulu somntu ongaphandle wasekhaya-mega-billionaire nerd wayeza kuba ngumlinganiso weGatesian wanamhlanje- iselinye lawona mabali ethandwayo ngexesha lokulala. Ubomi bukaPierpont Morgan libali elimnandi ngakumbi. Kudala-dala, kusenokwenzeka ukuba yayiphupha ngu-F. Scott Fitzgerald we-The Rich Boy, umbalisi webali wehlabathi owayesoloko ebhala kakuhle ngamehlo eMidwesterner atsalwe eMpuma njengombuso waseMidas.
UMorgan wajika ngokoqobo iMelika ukuba ibe yigolide, egcina umgangatho wegolide ngo-1895, kunye nokulawula ukuhamba kwegolide ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwe-United States. Wayalela ubukhosi bebhanki obabusehlabathini jikelele; ubunzulu nobukhulu bemithombo yayo buhlala bungenakuthelekiswa nanto kumaxesha anamhlanje. Ekhaya, uMorgan wasebenza njengebhanki eyintloko yendoda enye, ngaphezulu nje kwaba kanye esindisa iUnited States ngokungabinamali kunye noloyiko. Ukudibanisa iinkampani ezikhuphisanayo zibe yindibaniselwano enkulu kwinkqubo eyathi yaziwa ngokuba yiMorganization, wanceda ekwakheni isiseko apho iphiramidi yaseMelika yenyuselwa khona. Nokuba impumlo yakhe, yaphuka sisifo esinganyangekiyo solusu, yabhengezwa nguMorgan ukuba abe yinxalenye yeshishini laseMelika.
Ngabo bonke ubutyebi bakhe, ngewayebukele phantsi loo mpumlo kwidayimane enkulu njengeRitz. Wachaza ubudala xa umlinganiswa wayeyinto yonke. Ukuthenjwa ngookumkani nezizwe kwihlabathi liphela, ulawule ngenkani yesimilo. Ilizwi lakhe yayingumgangatho wegolide, kwaye wayeyazi amandla okuthula. UMorgan kunqabile ukuba anike udliwanondlebe okanye iintetho. Umyolelo wakhe wokugqibela uvakalise inkolelo yakhe yemfundiso ekucamagusheni ngedini likaKristu, kodwa evusa iintloko ezingakholwayo: UMorgan Unika Umphefumlo kuMenzi, Imali kuNyana. Kwiminyaka emva kokubhubha kwakhe, akukho ingqokelela yeeleta ethe yavela. Akazange ashiye imisebenzi epapashiweyo. Wazimela kwimbali. Ukugqitywa kweNew Yorker, nangona kunjalo, uqhubeke nokudibana ngamehlo.
Kuyo yonke le nkulungwane yama-20, ababhali beenoveli bajonge kwamehlo kaMagpie amnyama amnyama-eli binzana livela kuJohn Dos Passos ka-1919. Ngexesha leRag, u-EL Ugqirha uveze uMorgan ngamehlo abekwe kufutshane nje ngokwaneleyo ukucebisa ngengqondo yengqondo ngentando yakhe. Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane, u-JP Morgan esisamfanayo-inkosi ethembekileyo ethe tyaba, impumlo yakhe ibrashiweyo, amehlo amnyama aqaqambe kukukhanya, uzipho lwasemanzini olukrwitshaza ingalo ebengezelelweyo yesitulo sakhe- iza kuthi kumfanekiso owabanjwa ngo-1903. U-Edward Steichen oneminyaka engamashumi amabini anesine, enikwe imizuzu emibini yokwenza ifoto yomzobi osemthethweni kaMorgan, uthathe imiboniso emininzi ephinda-phinda indawo yaseburhulumenteni, emva koko wacebisa ukuba uMorgan ajike intloko yakhe ibe yinto nje eqhelekileyo. UMorgan wala. Ukuxhathisa, wabambana no-Steichen, wajonga phantsi umchasi wakhe, kwaye voilà -kuye kwahlala uNapoleon wokwenene waseWall Street, uphawu olubi lweGilded Age.
Ezinye iJP Morgans zihlala zibonakala zijikeleze idolophu. Ubungcwele bukaMorgan buvela kwincwadi yakhe enqabileyo nengqokelela yemibhalo ebhaliweyo, ingqokelela yobugcisa, ububele bebandla, kunye necawe ephezulu ye-Episcopal ukholo-konke oku kusabonwa kwimarble emhlophe iPierpont Morgan Library ekwi-East 36th Street, iMetropolitan Museum of Art (apho uMorgan wayengumongameli ) kunye neCawa iSt. George's eStuyvesant Square (apho wayengumphathi omkhulu). Njengomdlali we-marquee kwimbali yokuphumelela amabhaso ka-Ron Chernow, iNdlu kaMorgan, uMorgan waphinda wavela ngo-1990 njengesigebenga esingazolanga, nesiphikisanayo: esisixineneyo kodwa esine-sybaritic; yeqonga kodwa yafundiswa ukufihlwa; Unentliziyo entle ekuthandeni umfazi wakhe wokuqala ogwetyiweyo, ukhohlakele kulowo wesibini u-Mrs Morgan; u-puritanical kwimigangatho yakhe, watsala abantu ababulalayo. Ngamafutshane, i-monster engcwele.
UMorgan athe waziswa nguJean Strouse ebomini kwi-biografi yakhe ebukekayo, ekudala ilindelwe ngumntu onzulu, owona mfanekiso uyinkimbinkimbi kwaye udityanisiwe esele sinayo. UMorgan uhluthwe i-varnish kodwa uhlala ekhulisiwe kwaye enikezelwe ngokufanelekileyo. UNks Strouse, umbhali onobukroti, onovelwano, ogama lakhe lokuqala, u-Alice James, wajika udiarist ongakhathalelwanga kunye nodade omncinci omangalisayo kaWilliam noHenry James waba ngumntu ongalindelekanga, uvelise umsebenzi okrelekrele ngokulinganayo kunye nomxholo owoyikisayo.
UMorgan uphazamisile kungekho ngaphantsi kwe-11 biographer. KuNks Strouse udibene nomdlalo wakhe. Ngokulinganisa ukuzibophelela kwakhe kuMorgan kumashumi eminyaka, uzenzele into engaphaya kwengcali nje yezemali yaseMelika eyintsomi okanye oyintloko ethetha ngezemali zamanye amazwe. Njengo-Alice James, udale ubudlelwane obuphilayo kunye nesihloko sakhe.
Umzekelo wase-American biography, UNks Strouse ubona ngokunzulu ehlathini ngokugawula yonke imithi. Ugawula amaplanga ngesandla kwaye akhangele ingqolowa emthini ngembali efihliweyo ayityhilayo. Ubhala ngaphakathi ngaphakathi, ebona ukhetho lomlinganiswa wakhe kunye nezinye iindlela njengoko bazibonayo. Kwinkqubo, isigwebo sakhe senziwe nge-razor-sharp: Nguye yedwa onokwala iintsomi kunye neengxelo ezingeyonyani ezithi ziwele kwabanye oMorgan biographer, kuba nguye yedwa owaziyo onke amagqabi ehlathini.
Ukusebenza koovimba kumacala omabini eAtlantic, UNks Strouse utyhile ubungqina obutsha obubalulekileyo ngobomi bukawonke-wonke nobabucala bukaMorgan. Kwingcwele yangaphakathi yeThala leeNcwadi likaMorgan, waqhumisa iidayari zikaMorgan zobuntwana kunye neeleta zabantu abadala kunye nembalelwano yeshishini – isitovu esasibonwe saza sasetyenziswa ngokukhetha kuphela ngumbhali wencwadi engempilo kaMorgan ogunyazisiweyo, umkhwenyana. Kodwa uMorgan awayenaye uNksk.Strouse ekuqaleni wayecinga ukuba ukhangela- inguqulelo, yomlinganiso woluntu olubi kumfanekiso kaSteichen- wasilela ukuvela. Ukwenza izinto zibe zibi nangakumbi, njengoko wayehluza ubungqina babo babemazi uMorgan, wafumanisa ukuba abagxeki bakhe banentetho, izithethi ezingcono kunye nababhali, kunabameli bakhe, ababebonakala bezikhusela kwaye bekhohlisa.
Ngelo xesha, iminyaka emihlanu emsebenzini, i-biographer engaphezulu kwezorhwebo inokuthi ihambe phambili kwaye ilingane nobungqina kwimbonakalo yangaphambili. UNks Strouse, nangona kunjalo, wayilahla uyilo lokuqala kwaye wazingela phantsi ukuphinda aqwalasele uMorgan awadibana naye koovimba, uMorgan owayehlala nabantu kwaye eneentloni, esenza ngabom kwaye engxamisekileyo, enobukrelekrele kwaye enobuqili, elawula kwaye eguquguqukayo, enomdla kwaye edakumbile, Ubugqwirha kunye nolondolozo, lwehlabathi kunye nenkolo, ngokungenakugcinwa kugcinwe kwaye kuthande kakhulu. Ngamafutshane, indoda.
Inkqubo entsonkothileyo yeempendulo ezingaphandle kwephepha likaNks Strouse kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele kuba, nangona ingabonakali, inika ibali lakhe ubutyebi kunye nokungena kwenoveli. UNks Strouse wayekulungele ngokufanelekileyo ukuqonda i-hypochondria yeyona ndoda inamandla ye-19th century- amava akhe angaphambili, emva kwayo yonke loo nto, wayenomfazi ongenamandla ongenasiphene kusapho lwezifundiswa. Okumangalisayo kukuba, uMorgan wawa phantse rhoqo njengoAlice James; kunye Nks.Strouse yingcali ekufumaneni ezona zizathu zibangele ukwaphuka kweVictorian ekungekho sizathu sendalo sifunyenweyo. Ulandelela ingqiqo yangaphakathi yeemfazwe zikaMorgan ezingapheliyo kunye noxinzelelo, ukuxhalaba, ukulahla kunye nokufezekiswa kwe-astringent, kunye neenzame zakhe zenza oku kutolika.
Kodwa eyona nto iphawuleka kakhulu kuMorgan yindlela u-Alice James 'biographer athe wazibuyisa ngayo njengembali yezoqoqosho. Emva kweMfazwe yamakhaya, xa uqoqosho lwaseMelika lwaluqhuma, uJP Morgan bobabini babebonelela nge-dynamite kunye nokuzinzisa umhlaba. Akukho namnye owenze ngaphezulu ukuguqula iriphabliki yezolimo yasemaphandleni ibe bubukhosi bezixhobo zangoku. Njengoko ebalisa eli bali, kwinyathelo ngalinye elibalulekileyo kwi-metamorphosis yesizwe, UNks Strouse wetyisa ingxelo yakhe ngokukhawuleza, uhlalutyo olucacileyo lwemigaqo yezoqoqosho eyayibumba isenzo sikawonke-wonke sikaMorgan. Isahluko sakhe kukothuka kowe-1907 sinokusebenza njengemodeli yokubalisa ngamabali okanye isingeniso kuqoqosho lwangoku.
Ukulawula kwakhe iinkcukacha kumvumela ukuba asebenzise izinto ebezijongelwe phantsi ngaphambili ukusinceda siqonde ukuba imali yayithetha ntoni kwindoda enobutyebi obungenamda. Siyazi, umzekelo, ukuba uMorgan uhlawule i-300 yeedola ukuthumela enye indawo kwi-Civil War. Kodwa yintoni kanye kanye eyayibonisa i-300 yeerandi kuye ngo-1863? Ukujonga iincwadi zeakhawunti ezivela kuJ. Pierpont Morgan kunye neNkampani, uNksk Strouse uqaphele oko uMorgan wakusebenzisa kwiicigars yena kunye notata wakhe ngo-1863: $ 300.
UMorgan wahluthwa ngamathandabuzo bonke ubomi bakhe, ukanti akabakhathalelanga abagxeki, eqala ngabazali bakhe kunye nootitshala kunye nabantu baseMelika. I-hubris, UNks Strouse uyayityhila, ilele kufutshane nengcambu yokuzahlula kwakhe okwenyani kunokwenyani kobutyebi bakhe. Ngethuba lokuwa luvalo oluqatha olwalulandela ubungqina bukaMorgan phambi kweKomiti yasePujo ngo-1912, eyakhokelela, ekugqibeleni, ekunciphiseni kwakhe kunyaka olandelayo, umlawuli omkhulu wemali wazifumana ehliselwe kwimeko yokuxhomekeka komntwana. Amarhe okuqhekeka kukaMorgan e-Egypt kunye nezaqhwithi zemithambo-luvo ezalandela e-Roma zabangela amajita eWall Street.
Xa ukufa kwafika ekugqibeleni, kwabangelwa ikakhulu luthotho lwemivumbo emincinci awayesele ebandezelekile kuMlambo iNayile, elandelwa yi-coup de grâce eRoma. Ngokwenyani, nangona kunjalo, UNks Strouse ugqibe isatifikethi esifakwe ngabasemagunyeni e-Itali, esithi uMorgan ubhubhe yi-psychic dyspepsia, u-Jamesian ophela kakuhle kwibali le-Ozymandian banker oswelekileyo wavala i-19th century kwaye ubomi bakhe buvula kwakhona amehlo ekudalweni kweMelika yanamhlanje.
