U-Apollo 11(Ifoto: NASA)
Isifundo esothusayo esitsha siveze ukuba inani elixhalabisayo loosomajukujuku benyanga abavela kwinkqubo ye-Apollo ye-NASA baneengxaki zokufa ngenxa yesifo sentliziyo. Unobangela? Ukubonakaliswa kumanqanaba aphezulu emitha yendawo enzulu ngexesha lokuya kwabo eNyangeni.
Kokokuqala ukuba kwenziwe uphando malunga nokubhubha koosomajukujuku baka-Apollo kwaye yapapashwa ngo IiNgxelo zezeNzululwazi NguNjingalwazi kunye noMlawuli wekholeji yeSayensi yaBantu kwiYunivesithi yaseFlorida State, uMichael Delp. Izigqibo ezithatyathwe kufundo lokusweleka kwabantu ekuphela kwabo abathe bangena kwindawo enzulu zenza isithunzi esikhulu kwimishini ebanjelwe eMars ecwangciswe yiNASA kunye IsithubaX .
Sazi okuncinci kakhulu malunga nefuthe lemitha enzulu yendawo yempilo yabantu, ngakumbi kwinkqubo yentliziyo, utshilo uDelp xa kukhutshwa ngokusemthethweni. Oku kusinika umbono wokuqala weziphumo ezibi ebantwini. Indawo enzulu ibhekisa kumda ongaphaya kwemagnetosphere ekhuselayo kunye neatmosferi apho kuphela ngabantu abangama-24 kwimbali-bonke oosomajukujuku baka-Apollo, abakhe bahamba.
Ukusukela ukuphela kwenkqubo ebhiyozelwayo ye-NASA eyabona amadoda ehamba ngeNyanga okokugqibela ngo-1972, isithuba sasemoyeni sabantu sasikhawulelwe kumjikelo woMhlaba osezantsi apho iSitishi seSithuba saMazwe ngaMazwe sisebenza ngaphakathi kukhuselo lwendalo loMhlaba kumanqanaba aphezulu emitha yelanga. Olu phononongo luthelekise amaqondo okusweleka koosomajukujuku benyanga abadlulile koosomajukujuku abangazange babhabhe nakwabo benze nje ukujikeleza.
Inani lokufa okunxulumene nezifo zentliziyo phakathi koosomajukujuku bendawo enzulu laliphezulu kakhulu.
Ireyithi phakathi koosomajukujuku abangazange babhabhe yi-9%. Phakathi kokujikeleza okuMhlaba osezantsi oosomajukujuku , yi-11% yayo. Kumadoda aye eNyangeni, ama-43 eepesenti, okanye ama-4-5 amaxesha aphakamileyo kunabalingane babo abahamba kancinci. Omnye ngaphandle kolu phando yayingu-Apollo 14 usomajukujuku uEdgar Mitchell, udlule emva kokuba idatha yophando sele iqokelelwe. 
Isifo sentliziyo(Ifoto: Michael Delp)
Ukubonakaliswa kwimitha ye-cosmic-ngokukodwa, i-proton eneji ephezulu-ibangela ukonakala okungagungqiyo kwezicubu kwiimolekyuli ze-DNA, ukuvala ngokufanelekileyo amandla omzimba okuzilungisa. Izifundo zangaphambili zikwabonakalise ukwanda komngcipheko wesifo sentliziyo ukusuka ekuchaphazelweni yimitha yamandla asezantsi njenge-ray-ray okanye i-gamma ray.
Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba ngokuJongwa koPhononongo lwe-NASA lwe-Longitudinal Study ye-Astronaut yezeMpilo liZiko lezeMpilo, oosomajukujuku banobomi obuphezulu kakhulu. Ingeniso yabo iphezulu kakhulu, bayimiqabaqaba emzimbeni, kwaye banokufikelela kubomi bonke kunyango lweprimiyamu. Ezi zinto kufuneka zibanike ithuba eliphantsi kakhulu lokugula okunxulumene nentliziyo xa kuthelekiswa nabantu abaneminyaka efanayo ngokufanayo. Kuba oosomajukujuku benyanga, khange, kwaye kungenxa yeemeko ezizodwa zokusingqongileyo abazifumanayo.
Abaphandi baphinde babhengeza iimpuku kuhlobo olufanayo lwemitha kwaye emva kweenyanga ezintandathu, iimpuku zibonise ukomelela kweselfowuni kunye nokonakala kwemithambo-leyo, emzimbeni womntu, ekhokelela kwisifo sentliziyo. Oko kuboniswa yidatha yemouse kukuba imitha yendawo enzulu iyingozi kwimpilo ye-vascular, utshilo uDelp.
Ezi zityhilelo zibeka imibuzo enzima ye-NASA kunye neefemu ezivela kwinkqubo ye-NextSTEP ye-arhente ebiza ukwakha indawo yokuhlala enokukhusela abantu ngexesha lokubhabha ixesha elide. Enye yeefemu, uLokheed Martin, uxelele uMqwalaseli yeyabo Isiphekepheke seOrion iyakhiwa iphindwe kabini njengendawo yokuhlala yemitha emva kokuqhubela abantu eNyangeni ukuhlala ixesha elide. Las Vegas-based Bigelow Aerospace-ngubani na ngoku kuvavanywa kwabo Imodyuli ye-BEAM eyandisiweyo kwisikhululo sasemajukujukwini — ikwajonga ukukhuselwa yimitha yengcinga yendawo yokuhlala.
Nje ukuba uphume kumazibuthe womhlaba, kwaye uku-aluminium unakho-usengxakini enkulu. Iiproton zisabela ngogonyamelo ngealuminium kwaye ngokuchaseneyo ziya kutshabalalisa iiseli emzimbeni wakho ngokukhawuleza ukuba ukwialuminium eyakhiwe, utshilo uMongameli weBigelow Aerospace, uRobert Bigelow kuMqwalaseli kudliwanondlebe oludlulileyo. Ipesenti yethu yealuminium incinci kakhulu. Sinee-aluminiyamu ezininzi kunye neentshontsho.
I-arhente icwangcisa indawo enzulu yokuya kwindawo buyisela abantu ekujikelezeni kwenyanga ngo-2020 ixesha elide kuneemishini zika-Apollo. I-NASA ikwafuna ukusebenzisa le misebenzi yokuhlola njengendawo yokufezekisa iinjongo zomntu kwiMars ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-2030.
Inkqubo ye- U-Elon Musk -led SpaceX inayo izicwangciso ezingamabhongo ngakumbi ukungahambi nje kuphela kwiplanethi ebomvu, kodwa ukwakha ukuhlala ngokusisigxina apho kwisithuba seminyaka elishumi. Umbuzo ngowokuba olu phando lutsha luya kuba nefuthe njani kula maxesha kwaye ukuba i-NASA okanye nayiphi na inkampani yabucala inokuyiphuhlisa indawo yokuhlala ekhuselekileyo ngokwaneleyo ukukhusela abasebenzi kwimitha yelanga ebulalayo.
Ngexesha lokuhamba kwamaplanethi, oosomajukujuku bazakubhentsiswa kwimithombo emininzi yemitha ye-ionizing, kubandakanya imitha ye-galactic cosmic, iminyhadala yamasuntswana elanga, kunye nemitha ebanjiweyo kwimivalo yeVan Allen, Ibango elo . Ngesi sizathu, abantu bazakufuna ukukhuselwa okunzulu ukuze banganeli nje ukusinda kuhambo olude oluya eMars kodwa babe yimpucuko egcina indawo eqhubeka nokwandisa ukufikelela kwethu kwinkqubo yelanga.
URobin Seemangal ujolise kwi-NASA kunye nokukhuthaza ukukhangelwa kwendawo. Wazalelwa kwaye wakhulela eBrooklyn, apho ahlala khona ngoku. Mfumane I-Instagram Umxholo onxulumene nendawo: @iamfanlalisa
