UMunich kaSteven Spielberg, ovela kumdlalo bhanyabhanya kaTony Kushner no-Eric Roth, osekwe kwincwadi ethi Ukuziphindezela nguGeorge Jonas, ufana nezinye iifilimu ezibalulekileyo: Iyagqitha, ayinangqondo, inobuqhetseba kwaye inomdla ngokungathandabuzekiyo kwi-crypto-pacifism yayo. Kwanangaphambi kokuba ikhutshwe ngokusesikweni, yayisele ibeke umlilo wempikiswano phakathi kwabantu ababizwa ngokuba ngamaZiyon kunye nabachasi beZiyonis, abakwaSirayeli nabasePalestine, kwaye, njengesiqhelo, phakathi kwabo bakholelwa ngamandla elisweni ngeliso nabo bathi bayakholelwa oko. Ubundlobongela obunempindezelo buzala ubundlobongela obungakumbi. Ewe, ngaphambi kokubona iMunich, bendikhokelwe ukuba ndikholelwe ukuba uMnu.Spielberg, Mnu. Kushner kunye noMnumzana Roth bacebisa ukuba kule meko, impindezelo yase-Israeli yokubulawa kwabantu eMunich iimbaleki zakwa-Israyeli ibonakalise ukuba ayicetyiswa gwenxa. kwanokuba nemveliso. Kuya kulandela ke, ngenxa yokoyikeka kokubulawa kwabantu ngokwabo kuya kudlalwa kwifilimu.
Ndothuswa ke kukufumanisa ukuba uMnu.Spielberg wayewumanzisile umboniso bhanyabhanya kwasekuqaleni ukuya esiphelweni nge-6 kaSeptemba, 1972, uhlaselo lwabanqolobi kwiimbaleki zakwa-Israyeli kwilali yeOlimpiki yaseMunich liqela lasePalestine elizibiza ngokuba nguMnyama Septemba. kwaye konke oku phambi kwababukeli kumabonwakude kuqikelelwa kwizigidi ezingama-900 zababukeli kwihlabathi liphela.
Ngokuqinisekileyo, uMnu.Spielberg ngewayethathe iminyaka engama-33 edlulileyo ukusukela esi siganeko sibuhlungu sinokubangela isifundo sayo sokuziphatha, ukuba sikhona, siphele kwiinkumbulo zabo babebadala ngokwaneleyo ngelo xesha ukuba baqonde okwakwenzeka ngaphambili amehlo abo amenyezelwe yimithombo yeendaba. Yiyo loo nto, abantu ngoku abakwiminyaka engama-30 nangaphezulu ubudala mabaphathe umsitho hayi njengememori, kodwa njengembali.
Kule minyaka ingenelelayo, bekukho amarhe okusasazwa kunye neencwadi ezibhaliweyo malunga nokuziphindezela kwa-Israeli ngokuchasene nabanqolobi nge-Black Septemba. Intshayelelo kwifilimu ithi iphefumlelwe ziziganeko zokwenyani. Ikhowudi yelizwi ephefumlelweyo ivumela ezinye (kodwa azikho kangako) iingubo ezimibalabala zezinto eziyinyani. Njengoko u-Todd McCarthy wamanqaku ahlukeneyo kuphononongo lokuqonda:
Impindezelo yenguqulelo kaGeorge Jonas yatshintshwa kwakanye ngo-1986, kwi-HBO telefilm Sword of Gideon, eyalelwa nguMichael Anderson kwaye yabhalwa nguChris Bryant, malunga neyunithi yamadoda amahlanu eyayithunyelwe ngurhulumente wase-Israel ukuba ibulale Abanqolobi abali-11 basePalestine bachongwa njengabakhokeli ekubulaweni kwamalungu eqela le-Olimpiki alishumi elinanye kwa-Israeli.
Umnumzana Spielberg kunye nabalingisi bakhe badibanise imifanekiso kamabonakude yelo xesha (enesikhuseli se-ABC uJim McKay kunye nabancedisi bakhe ngelo xesha, uPeter Jennings kunye noWoward Cosell) ngokubuyiselwa komthetho wokubuyiselwa kwembeko yi-Nkulumbuso yase-Israel u-Golda Meir ( Lynn Cohen) kunye negosa letyala laseMossad u-Ephraim (Geoffrey Rush). Indoda ekhethwe ukuba ikhokele le mishini ngu-Avner (Eric Bana), owayesakuba yiarhente yaseMossad kunye noonogada kuMeir, okhumbula ngoyise utata ka-Avner. Inkulumbuso yase-Israeli yenqabile ukuxoxisana nabanqolobi malunga neemfuno zabo zokukhululwa kwamabanjwa angama-234 asePalestine, kunye neenkokheli zobunqolobi zaseJamani u-Andreas Baader kunye no-Ulrike Meinhof. Kwincoko enomdla phakathi kuka-Ephraim no-Avner, u-Ephraim uchaza esona sizathu sokuba u-Nkulumbuso u-Meir angayi emngcwabeni kawonke-wonke wabadlali ababuleweyo bakwa-Israyeli. Isizathu sakhe esisemthethweni yayikukufa kwesihlobo, kodwa esona sizathu sakhe, u-Ephraim uqinisekisa u-Avner, kukuba wayengafuni ukugculelwa esidlangalaleni ngokwala kwakhe ukuxoxisana nabanqolobi ngobomi babadlali be-Israeli. Kuphantse kwaba ngathi uMnu Spielberg kunye nabadlali bakhe babezama ukumisela ukufana phakathi kokuchasana kukaGeorge W. Bush kunye noGolda Meir xa wathi: Khohlwa uxolo ngoku, kufuneka sibonise ukuba somelele.
U-Avner uyalelwa ukuba kude kube kugqityiwe ukuthunywa kwakhe, unqanyuliwe nakweyiphi na intambo eya eMossad okanye kulo naliphi na elinye icandelo likarhulumente lakwa-Israeli. U-Avner uwedwa ngokupheleleyo, ubekwe ukuba aphathe oogxa bakhe abane kunye nemali engenamda enokutsalwa kwibhanki yaseSwitzerland njengoko kufuneka. Oku kuthetha ukushiya umfazi wakhe okhulelweyo uDaphna (Ayelet Zurer) ngasemva ngaphandle kokumxelela ukuba uyaphi okanye nantoni na malunga nomsebenzi wakhe. EYurophu uhlanganisa iqela lakhe: indoda enamava kunye no-Steve (uDaniel Craig), umntu ococekileyo ococekileyo uCarl (Ciaran Hinds), ingcali yeziqhushumbisi uRobert (Mathieu Kassovitz) kunye noxwebhu lwenkohliso uHans (Hanns Zischler).
Eyona nto bajolise kuyo kuqala ngumguquli wombhalo wasePalestine ozinze eRoma, othunyelwa liqela ngaphandle kobunzima kakhulu. Ujoliso lwabo lwesibini, nangona kunjalo, sisindululo esintsonkothileyo kwigumbi lakhe elinobunewunewu eParis, ngenxa yokuza okungalindelekanga kunye nokuhamba komfazi nentombi encinci. Sifumana ulwalathiso lokuqala apha lokuba amalungu eqela ayingabo bonke abakhohlakeleyo ngokungafuni kwabo ukubulala okanye ukwenzakalisa abantu abamsulwa ngexesha lokubulawa. Kananjalo banokuhamba ngeYurophu iphela, kodwa hayi kulo naliphi na ilizwe laseArabhu okanye kwiSoviet Union.
Nangona kunjalo, enye yeempawu ezonwabisa kakhulu kwifilimu kukulinganisa kobomi basesitratweni kwizixeko ezahlukahlukeneyo ezinje ngeGeneva, iParis, iBeirut, iTel Aviv, iAthene neLondon, izinto ezibalulekileyo kwisixeko ngasinye eziveliswe ngobuchule kwimveliso yokwenyani eMalta, eHungary nase Fransi. Nokuba yintoni-Mnu. I-Spielberg ibonisa ukuhlangana kwepicaresque efikelela kwimigangatho ephezulu yohlobo. Njengoko ukubulala kunye nokuzama ukubulala kuqhubeka kwaye kuqhubeka, ukungavisisani ngaphakathi kweqela kuyanda. Xa ababulali abathathu basePalestine abamnyama bangoSeptemba ababebanjiwe kwindawo yesehlakalo bakhululwa emva kokuba inqwelomoya eLufthansa yaxhwilwa yaza emva koko yadunyiswa njengamagorha aphumeleleyo kumabonwakude waseLibya, amanye amalungu eqela labadlali abonisiweyo abongoza u-Avner ukuba angayikhathaleli imiyalelo yabo esemthethweni hayi ukusebenza kwilizwe lama-Arabhu. Xa uAvner esala, iimvakalelo ezimbi kwiqela ziqala ukukhula. Kungekudala kuvela ukuba u-Avner ngokwakhe ufumana ulwazi kwiithagethi zeli qela kwiarhente eyimfihlakalo yaseFrance egama linguLouis (Matthieu Amalric), ogama lakhe ligodliweyo kubavisisani baka-Avner, kakhulu kukungoneliseki kwabo.
Okwangoku, umfazi ka-Avner uhambisa umntwana oyintombazana, iindaba ezonakalisa u-Avner kwaye zonyusa ukungathandabuzeki kwakhe malunga nomsebenzi wonke. Ingxaki ngo-Avner njengomlinganiswa, nangona kunjalo, kukuba ngaphandle kwendlela aziphethe ngayo, akanamntu anokukwazi ukunxibelelana naye ngokukhuselekileyo ngeemvakalelo zakhe. Le ikwayingxaki ngamanye amalungu eqela, iimvakalelo zawo zangaphakathi zigutyungelwe kukufihlakala kokuthunywa. Emva koko kukho imithombo engaqondakaliyo yaseFrance, uLouis noPapa (uMichael Lonsdale), kunye ne-cryptic inkosi-ye-manor ye-cryptic malunga nokuzibandakanya kwakhe kumdlalo wempimpi wamazwe aphesheya. Umnumzana Amalric kunye noMnumzana Lonsdale, iitalente ezimbini eziqaqambe kakhulu e-France, babonakala belawula into encinci ehlekisayo kwishishini elibi.
Olunye ulungelelwaniso olubi kakhulu nolwabonakala ngathi luxhaphaza kakhulu kubandakanya i-bar-pickup egama linguJeanette (Marie-Josée Croze), ozama ukuphumelela ukurhwebesha u-Avner. U-Avner kamva ulumkisa uCarl malunga nesilingo esise-bar-kodwa akuncedi nto, kuba uCarl ufunyenwe efile kwigumbi lakhe ehotele ngentsasa elandelayo enesiqholo sentombazana esahlukileyo kulo lonke igumbi. Ukufumana uJeanette nokuphindezela uCarl, u-Avner ubuyela kuLouis kwakhona kwincam ebeka uJeanette kwisikhephe sendlu yaseDatshi kunye neempawu zonxibelelwano zakhe zamanye amazwe (kubandakanya, ukuba ndikhumbula ngokuchanekileyo, i-CIA). Amalungu amathathu kula maqela asindileyo ajongana noJeanette kwindlu yakhe yamaphenyane kwaye abulale umntu obhinqileyo ohamba ze ehamba kancinci kancinci ngokudityaniswa okumangalisayo kweembumbulu kunye nento ebonakala ngathi yityhefu. Ingathi ngesiquphe siziphose kwimuvi malunga neziqhelo zokubulala. Emva kwexesha, elinye lamalungu eqela liyazisola ngokukhetha ukubulala uJeanette.
Inqaku lelokuba isimilo sikaNks. Croze kubonakala ngathi sifakiwe kwifilimu ngokukhululekileyo ukubonelela ngento encinci yokuzibandakanya kwiinkqubo ezizezinye ezizele bubumnyama kunye nokuzithemba. Akukho namnye kuphononongo endikhe ndalufunda ukuza kuthi ga ngoku okhankanyileyo lo mbono, othi ngasizathu sithile unamathele engqondweni yam ngokuzikhathaza ngokumasikizi kwi-pathology yenzondo.
Ukusukela ngoku ukuya phambili, abazingeli baqala ukuwa njengabazingelweyo kwaye ukubulawa kuyaqhubeka kumacala omabini kwiindawo ezinengxaki ezifana ne-Northern Ireland neVietnam. Kwimeko yokudideka kokuziphatha okupheleleyo, u-Avner ushiya iqela lakhe, iMossad kunye no-Israyeli uqobo ngobomi obutsha eBrooklyn kunye nenkosikazi yakhe, umntwana kunye nomama (uGila Almagor). Kodwa uloyiko lwangoSeptemba 6, 1972, eMunich alusoze lumshiye, njengoko kubonisiwe kulandelelwano esele lukhona lokuphinda-phinda ukubulawa kwakhona kweembaleki zakwa-Israyeli nge-orgasm yakhe yempambano kwincopho yothando lwakhe eBrooklyn. Umfazi wakhe oxhalabileyo.
Umnumzana Spielberg, Mnu. Kushner kunye noMnumzana Roth bakhethe ukubonisa ukungathandabuzeki kunye nokuthandabuza malunga nokusetyenziswa kobugrogrisi kwicala lakwa-Israeli, kodwa kuthekani ngecala lase Palestina? Ngaba kukho amathandabuzo kunye nokuthandabuza apho? UMnu Spielberg kunye nenkampani abayithethi. Banconywe ngokufanelekileyo ngokungabonakalisi iidemon ePalestina nangokuthi bangayigcobi ngengqondo impindezelo yamaSirayeli. Kodwa ngaba le yingxelo eyoneleyo malunga nongxamiseko phakathi kwamaSirayeli namaPalestina asaqhubeka nanamhlanje? UMnu Spielberg kunye nenkampani bachasene ngokucacileyo nobundlobongela kwimicimbi yamadoda neyezizwe-noko ndikhunjuzwa ngesincoko esidumileyo sikaGeorge Orwell ngoGhandi kunye nekhwelo lakhe lokungabinabundlobongela ukuze kukhululwe i-India kulawulo lwaseBritane. U-Orwell uqaphele ukuba uGhandi uxhomekeke ekukhuphukeni kwezimvo zehlabathi ezinomsindo ukumnceda. Oko konke kwakulungile, u-Orwell waphikisa, ngamandla athobekileyo ekoloniyali njengeBritane. Kodwa bekunokuthini ukuba uGhandi ebezame iqhinga elifanayo kwi-Soviet Union kaJosef Stalin? Ngewayethulisiwe kwigulag yaseSiberia kungabikho xesha licabaleleyo.
Ndikhunjuzwa ngomnye uMunich ngo-1938 xa iNkulumbuso yaseNgilane uNeville Chamberlain, iNkulumbuso yase-France u-Edouard Daladier kunye ne-Chancellor yase-Germany u-Adolf Hitler bethethathethana ngesivumelwano sokuba, njengoko u-Chamberlain uxelele izihlwele zase-Bhritane ezonwabileyo, ukuba ziya kuzisa uxolo ngexesha lethu. Ndizisa le enye iMunich kuba ndicinga ukuba uMnu.Spielberg unekratshi lokushumayela ngoxolo nokungaziphathi kakuhle kumaSirayeli nakuthi sonke kwiMunich yangoku, xa eyokuqala iMunich yavelisa ngokuBulala.
Cothisa iNtshona
UTommy Lee Jones 'Ukungcwatywa okuThathu kweMelquiades Estrada, ukusuka kumdlalo bhanyabhanya nguGuillermo Arriaga, kujike kube ngathi lihamba kancinci entshona elidlala njengomsebenzi onzima njengesihloko salo. Kwimpikiswano eqhubekayo malunga nabaphambukeli ngokungekho mthethweni abagalela umda wethu neMexico, le bhanyabhanya iphuma kwindlela yayo yokwenza i-Border Patrol yase-US ibe yindawo ekhohlakeleyo yokutshutshisa abahlwempuzekileyo ngokwezoqoqosho kodwa abantu baseMexico abaziphethe kakuhle bezama nje ukuzenzela ubomi obungcono. eMelika, ilizwe labaphambukeli. UTommy Lee Jones udlala umphathi weefama ogama linguPete Perkins, oba ngumhlobo wesandla saseMexico esibizwa ngokuba nguMelquiades Estrada (uJulio Cesar Cedillo). Aba babini baqala ubuhlobo obungenakulindeleka, obuquka ukulala phantsi kwabafazi abaselula abazimiseleyo kwi-motel yendawo. IMelquiades yenza uPete athembise ukuba, ukuba kwenzeka okona kubi kakhulu, uya kuqinisekisa ukuba u-Estrada ungcwatyelwe kwinduli yaseMexico athe wayichaza ngothando.
Kodwa xa isandla sefama sifunyenwe emva kokuba ebulewe ngempazamo ngumlindi womda ogama linguMike Norton (uBarry Pepper), ungcwatywa ngokukhawuleza hayi kube kanye kodwa kabini ngaphandle kokubuza ngokusemthethweni kulwaphulo mthetho. UPete akanelisekanga kukuba umhlobo wakhe waseMexico ufumene unyango nje ezandleni zeBorder Patrol, kwaye uzimisele ukulungisa imicimbi ngokuxhwila iNorton, emnyanzela ukuba embe iMelquiades engcwabeni lakhe, emva koko anyanzele uNorton ukuba ahambe noPete kunye isidumbu kwindawo yokungcwaba ixhoba enqwenelekayo-indawo eMexico engazange yabonwa nguPete-esebenzisa kuphela imephu emdaka eyayizotywe ngabantu baseMexico ababengonwabanga. Kwaye ke i-odyssey ende yamadoda amabini anesidumbu iyaqala.
Kuye kwenziwa ukukhankanywa kolunye uphononongo lwezinto ezinokuthi zithelekiswe nezasentshona njengoJohn Ford's Abaphandi (1956) kunye noSam Peckinpah's Ride the High Country (1962). Akukho ndlela, uJoseph-ezo ngca zintle zokungalungi zokwaluphala kodwa amaqhawe angazukuphazanyiswa awananto ingako ayifumanayo ne-quixotic (nangona iqhubeka kakuhle) Imingcwabo emithathu. Ifilimu kaMnu. Jones ifana ngokusondeleyo yi-1996 yaseBelgium yobugcisa bendlu ethi The Promise (La Promesse), nguJean-Pierre noLuc Dardenne, apho unyana oneminyaka eli-15 ubudala ongumxhaphazi wabaphambukeli ngokungekho mthethweni edelela uyise Ukugcina isithembiso awasenza kubasebenzi baseAfrika ngelixa wayelele esweleka kwingozi yokwakha ukuze anyamekele umfazi wakhe kunye nomntwana. Okwangoku, Isithembiso kubandakanya uxanduva lomfana osapho olusaphilayo lendoda efileyo, hayi indawo ekhethiweyo yokungcwaba umntu ofileyo.
Eyona nto yenza izinto zibe mandundu kukuba uMnu Jones noMnumzana Arriaga bathathe imifanekiso eqingqiweyo eNorton kunye nenkosikazi yakhe enesithukuthezi uLou Ann (ngoJanuwari Jones) kwinto ethi ifumaneke kwimeko yobuhlanga. Umnumzana Arriaga akangomntu ungaziwayo kwiimbali ezikhohlakeleyo, njengoko kubonisiwe kwimiboniso yakhe yangaphambili ye-Alejandro González Iñárritu's Amores Perros (2000) kunye ne-21 Grams (2003). Okwangoku, uMnu.Jones uphantse wabamba onke amaqhekeza ebali eliqhekeziweyo ngokuzingca kunye nokuqiniseka kokusebenza kwakhe, kwaye uMelissa Leo, uDwight Yoakam kunye noLevon Helm abalibaleki kwiindima zokuxhasa.
Iibhombu ze-F zikaDame Judi
UStephen Frears UNksk. Henderson Presents, ovela kumdlalo bhanyabhanya kaMartin Sherman, ujika abe yilaopville evaudeville ejikajikana nalawo maqela azukileyo uJudi Dench noBob Hoskins kwinto efana nobudenge bokuthanda ubuhlanga kunye nobubi obuzothusayo bobunqunu obumileyo. Ewe, saga yeWindmill Theatre ehloniphekileyo, eyahlala ivulekile kwiLondon Blitz, inokwenza abanye abantu bafune ukuphakama bacule Kuya kuhlala I-England, kodwa bendisebenzisa uninzi lweAnglophilia yam kuCelia Johnson olona tshaba lwam — le nqanawa nabo bonke abahamba ngayo kuDavid Lean noNoel Coward's In We We Serve (1942) kunye noLaurence Olivier eSt. Crispin's Day Speech kuHenry V (1944).
UChristopher Guest ufanelwe kukukhankanywa ngenxa yenkosi yakhe u-chlainlain, ovumela ubunqunu be-Botticellian ukuba buhlume kwinqanaba le-Windmill lo gama ihleli nje, njenge-canvas, ngaphakathi kwesakhelo sayo, ngelixa u-Kelly Reilly (njengoyena mntu uphambili, u-Maureen) esiza isiphelo esibi kwiBlitz yokuxuba iinyembezi ezimbalwa kunye nazo zonke izinto ezihlekisayo.
Ndimele ndivume ukuba bendiyinto ehlekisayo kukungagwetywa kukaDame uJudy malunga ne-F-igama elalisoyikeka kwaye wenza ihlaya malunga nolwaluko lomntu kule mihla xa, emva phaya ngo-1939, uDavid O. Selznick kwafuneka aye phantsi izandla kunye namadolo okubongoza iOfisi yeBreen ukuba imvumele ukuba athethe noClark Gable kuVivien Leigh ku-Gone with the Wind, Ngokuphandle, sithandwa sam, andizenzi nto. Owu, ingaba sele sihambele phambili kangakanani kule minyaka ingama-60 nangaphezulu. Kodwa kutheni ndingonwabanga nje?
